1.social novel
The social novel, also known as the social
problem (or social protest) novel, is a "work of fiction in which a
prevailing social problem, such as gender, race, or class prejudice, is
dramatized through its effect on the characters of a novel". More specific
examples of social problems that are addressed in such works, include poverty,
conditions in factories and mines, the plight of child labor, violence against
women, rising criminality, and epidemics because of over-crowding, and poor
sanitation in cities.
An
epidemic is the rapid spread of
infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a
short period of time, usually two weeks or less. For example, in meningococcal
infections, an attack rate in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two
consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic.
Epidemics
of infectious disease are generally caused by several factors including a
change in the ecology of the host population (e.g. increased stress or increase
in the density of a vector species), a genetic change in the pathogen reservoir
or the introduction of an emerging pathogen to a host population (by movement
of pathogen or host). Generally, an epidemic occurs when host immunity to
either an established pathogen or newly emerging novel pathogen is suddenly
reduced below that found in the endemic equilibrium and the transmission
threshold is exceeded.
3.tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
(TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (MTB).Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also
affect other parts of the body. Most infections do not have symptoms, in which
case it is known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections
progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those
infected. The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with
blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The historical term
"consumption" came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other
organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.
Tuberculosis
is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough,
spit, speak, or sneeze.People with latent TB do not spread the disease. Active
infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke.
Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as well as microscopic
examination and culture of body fluids. Diagnosis of latent TB relies on the tuberculin
skin test (TST) or blood tests.
Edgar Allan Poe was an American writer,
editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short
stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely
regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American
literature as a whole, and he was one of the country's earliest practitioners
of the short story. Poe is generally considered the inventor of the detective
fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre
of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn
a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and
career.
Poe was born in Boston, the second child of
two actors. His father abandoned the family in 1810, and his mother died the
following year. Thus orphaned, the child was taken in by John and Frances Allan
of Richmond, Virginia. They never formally adopted him, but Poe was with them
well into young adulthood. Tension developed later as John Allan and Edgar
repeatedly clashed over debts, including those incurred by gambling, and the
cost of secondary education for the young man. Poe attended the University of
Virginia for one semester but left due to lack of money. Poe quarreled with
Allan over the funds for his education and enlisted in the Army in 1827 under
an assumed name. It was at this time that his publishing career began, albeit
humbly, with the anonymous collection of poems Tamerlane and Other Poems
(1827), credited only to "a Bostonian". With the death of Frances
Allan in 1829, Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement. However, Poe
later failed as an officer cadet at West Point, declaring a firm wish to be a
poet and writer, and he ultimately parted ways with John Allan.
Poe switched his focus to prose and spent
the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, becoming
known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move
among several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. In Richmond
in 1836, he married Virginia Clemm, his 13-year-old cousin. In January 1845,
Poe published his poem "The Raven" to instant success. His wife died
of tuberculosis two years after its publication. For years, he had been
planning to produce his own journal The Penn (later renamed The Stylus), though
he died before it could be produced. Poe died in Baltimore on October 7, 1849,
at age 40; the cause of his death is unknown and has been variously attributed
to alcohol, brain congestion, cholera, drugs, heart disease, rabies, suicide,
tuberculosis, and other agents.
Poe and his works influenced literature in
the United States and around the world, as well as in specialized fields such
as cosmology and cryptography. Poe and his work appear throughout popular
culture in literature, music, films, and television. A number of his homes are
dedicated museums today. The Mystery Writers of America present an annual award
known as the Edgar Award for distinguished work in the mystery genre.
(n.)
1. a person who engages in a study, sport,
or other activity for pleasure rather than for
financial benefit or professional
reasons.Compare professional.
2. an athlete who has never competed for
payment or for a monetary prize.
3. a person inexperienced or unskilled in a
particular activity:Hunting lions is not for am
ateurs.
4. a person who admires something; devotee;
fan:
an amateur of the cinema.
(adj)
1.characteristic of or engaged in by an
amateur; nonprofessional:
an
amateur painter; amateur tennis.
ex:Even for those who are not amateur
engineers, access to drones is so easy that I have one myself: I bought it
online for $300.
ex: Pritzker makes Treasury Secretary Jack
Lew look like an amateur.
ex:Some adult performers in the business
tend to think there will be a shift in amateur
POV series.
6.A Tale of Tuo Cities
A Tale of Two Cities (1859) is a novel by Charles Dickens,
set in London and Paris before
and during the French Revolution.
The novel depicts the plight of the French peasantry demoralized by the French aristocracy in
the years leading up to the revolution, the corresponding brutality
demonstrated by the revolutionaries toward the former aristocrats in
the early years of the revolution, and many unflattering social parallels with
life in London during the same period.
7.Bleak House
Bleak House is one of Charles Dickens's
major novels, first published as a serial between March 1852 and September
1853. The novel has many characters and several sub-plots, and the story is
told partly by the novel's heroine, Esther Summerson, and partly by an
omniscient narrator. At the centre of Bleak House is the long-running legal
case, Jarndyce and Jarndyce, which came about because someone wrote several
conflicting wills. This legal case is used by Dickens to satirise the English
judicial system, and he makes use of his earlier experiences as a law clerk,
and as a litigant seeking to enforce copyright on his earlier books.
Though the legal profession criticised
Dickens's satire as exaggerated, this novel helped support a judicial reform
movement, which culminated in the enactment of legal reform in the 1870s.
There is some debate among scholars as to
when Bleak House is set. The English legal historian Sir William Holdsworth
sets the action in 1827; however, reference to preparation for the building of
a railway in Chapter LV suggests the 1830s.
8.James Joyce
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Irish
novelist, short story writer, and poet. He contributed to the modernist
avant-garde and is regarded as one of the most influential and important
authors of the 20th century.
Joyce is best known for Ulysses (1922), a
landmark work in which the episodes of Homer's Odyssey are paralleled in an
array of contrasting literary styles, perhaps most prominent among these the
stream of consciousness technique he utilised. Other well-known works are the
short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and the novels A Portrait of the
Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). His other writings
include three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism and his published
letters.
Joyce was born in 41 Brighton Square,
Rathgar, Dublin—about half a mile from his mother's birthplace in Terenure—into
a middle-class family on the way down. A brilliant student, he briefly attended
the Christian Brothers-run O'Connell School before excelling at the Jesuit
schools Clongowes and Belvedere, despite the chaotic family life imposed by his
father's alcoholism and unpredictable finances. He went on to attend University
College Dublin.
In 1904, in his early twenties, Joyce
emigrated permanently to continental Europe with his partner (and later wife)
Nora Barnacle. They lived in Trieste, Paris and Zurich. Though most of his
adult life was spent abroad, Joyce's fictional universe centres on Dublin, and
is populated largely by characters who closely resemble family members, enemies
and friends from his time there. Ulysses in particular is set with precision in
the streets and alleyways of the city. Shortly after the publication of
Ulysses, he elucidated this preoccupation somewhat, saying, "For myself, I
always write about Dublin, because if I can get to the heart of Dublin I can
get to the heart of all the cities of the world. In the particular is contained
the universal."
9. Chivalric romance
As a literary genre of high culture,
romance or chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was
popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe.
They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures, often of a
knight-errant portrayed as having heroic qualities, who goes on a quest, yet it
is "the emphasis on love and courtly manners distinguishes it from the
chanson degeste and other kinds of epic, in which masculine military heroism
predominates." Popular literature also drew on themes of romance, but with
ironic, satiric or burlesque intent. Romances reworked legends, fairy tales,
and history to suit the readers' and hearers' tastes, but by c. 1600 they were
out of fashion, and Miguel de Cervantes famously burlesqued them in his novel
Don Quixote. Still, the modern image of "medieval" is more influenced
by the romance than by any other medieval genre, and the word medieval evokes
knights, distressed damsels, dragons, and other romantic tropes.
Originally, romance literature was written
in Old French, Anglo-Norman, Occitan, and Provençal, and later in Portuguese,
in Castilian, in English, in Italian (particularly with the Sicilian poetry)
and German. During the early 13th century, romances were increasingly written
as prose. In later romances, particularly those of French origin, there is a
marked tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love, such as faithfulness in
adversity.
refer to:
Art, entertainment, and media
In creative works:
1. Motif (folkloristics), a recurring element
that creates recognizable patterns in folklore and folk-art traditions
2. Motif (music), a perceivable or salient
recurring fragment or succession of notes
3. Motif (narrative), any recurring element in
a story that has symbolic significance or the reason behind actions
4. Motif (textile arts), a recurring element
or fragment that, when joined together, creates a larger work
5. Motif (visual arts), a repeated theme or
pattern
In albums:
Motif (album), a 2008 album by guitarist Steve
Howe
In games:
Motif (chess composition), an element of a
move in the consideration of why the piece moves and how it supports the
fulfillment of the problem stipulation
沒有留言:
張貼留言